Examining the Effects of Popular Children’s Media on Young...

Examining the effects of popular children’s Media on young girls’ body image Sharon Hayes and Stacey Tantleff-Dunn University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA A study was done to explore the effects of short exposure to appearance-related media on young girls’ body image. Some writings/studies has suggested that girls at the age of 6 and older are experiencing problems with their body, or body dissatisfaction (Dohnt amp; Tiggemann, 2005). Some researchers are even saying that girls as young as 5 are having problems with their body image. There is some evidence that suggests that young children are aware of being thin or the â€Å"thin ideal† that exists in today’s society. Researchers are focusing on the information underneath†¦show more content†¦The children all took headshots so that the pictures could be placed on the computer to create child figures. The children were allowed to pick what they thought they looked like and the bodies either got thinner or heavier with whichever body they chose. The body image was then calculated by subtracting the figure chosen as the perceived current size from the figur e chosen as the ideal size. A negative score indicates a desire for a thinner size, a positive score indicates a desire for a heavier size, and a score of zero indicates that one is content with their size. For the procedure, children were randomly assigned to controlled and experimental groups. A digital headshot was taken of each kid. There was a research assistant who took a child into a room with a couch, a mirror, and a television. At first, each child was asked questions about their appearance and say what they thought of themselves. Then they were shown and asked to look at three adult princesses and three children princesses all-varying in weight and choose the one they believe is the ‘real princess.’ After that, they were taken to watch the clips of the videos. After they were done with the clips, the child was taken to a playroom containing dress-up stations, a vanity, blocks, Legos, dinosaurs, etc. Free play was for 8-15 minutes. After playing, they wereShow MoreRelatedStereotypes In Disney Stereotypes863 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as being a gorgeous thin Caucasian girl or a muscle man. Even though the stories have been made to be more mainstream than the origin al fairytales written by Charles Perrault, the Grimm brother’s and Hans Christian Anderson; the stories still keep the idealistic portrayals of gender types from their damsel to their definitive hero. This paper will focus on gender stereotypes, body image of female characters in Disney films, and its effect on young girls. There will also be a discussion on whyRead MoreThe Promotion Of Gender Specific Clothing1954 Words   |  8 Pagesjust before World War I (Maglaty 1). Pink was designated to boys, while blue was assigned to girls. During that era, pink was deemed a decided and fierce color, making pink more suitable for the boy who is associated with aggressiveness, courage, stamina, and toughness (Maglaty 1). Blue obtained a reputation for being delicate and dainty, making the color more appropriate, in terms of comeliness, for the girl, who was customarily, assigned a subservient role. With the invention of prenatal testingRead More Body Image in Children and Adolescen ts Essay3358 Words   |  14 PagesBody Image in Children and Adolescents What is body image? A two-dimensional model of body image incorporates both perceptual and emotional components. It focuses on both how we feel about the size and shape of our bodies and how accurately we perceive our body size as well. A more recent cognitive approach suggests that body image is a complex set of cognitive schema. A schema is a grouped body of knowledge. Groups of schema are readily available for important tasks such as guiding behaviorRead MoreHow Women Are Portrayed in Media6769 Words   |  28 PagesCommon female stereotypes found in the media have a powerful influence over how society views women and how women view themselves. What is the media portrayal of women today and how does this impact how young girls perceive themselves? With programs such as The Bachelor and Flavor of Love showing a dozen women competing for the attention of one man, often using their sexuality, magazine ads displaying a half-naked female body to sell a fragrance or cosmetic product, and television commercials highlightingRead MoreThe Little Mermaid Deconstructed Essay2856 Words   |  12 Pagesproduced by John Musker. The Little Mermaid (1989) is the story of a young mermaid who gives up her voice in order to become human and find her one true love Prince Eric. I find the film to be incredibly significant, not only in its portrayal of feminine roles, the human body, and the willingness to sacrifice for true love, but in the films vast audience and popularity. I will be using the feminist framework, as described in Critical Media Studies: An Introduction by Ott and Mack (2010), to deconstructRead MoreThe Tale Of The Fairy Tales2 911 Words   |  12 PagesAs we grow up, we hear fairy tales and we read them into our lives. Every word and every image is imprinted into our minds. The fairy tales we read are never abandoned. They grow with us and our dreams become molds of the many morals and happily ever afters fairy tales display. We tell children fairy tales when they go to sleep and they read them in school and we even have them watch Disney adaptions that reinforce them further. Generally, they were everywhere while we grew up and they continue toRead MoreWomen and Body Image3391 Words   |  14 Pagesa nearly impossible thinness. The media has been denounced for upholding and perhaps even creating the emaciated standard of beauty by which females are taught from childhood to judge the worth of their own bodies (Stephens Hill, 1994). To explore the broader context of this controversial issue, this paper draws upon several aspects on how the media influences young womens body image. This paper examines an exploration of the prevalence and the source of body dissatisfaction in American femalesRead More Media vs. Parenting Essay3077 Words   |  13 PagesMedia vs. Parenting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What impact does sex, violence, drugs, etc. in the media have on children? What can we do about it? How do we balance the tension between freedom of expression and the need to protect children? When you talk about the media and whether or not it is harmful on children, you must examine the whole industry and all aspects of its effects on children. It is that the media as a whole is not as harmful to children as some intense other can, but over exposure to certain aspectsRead MoreComputer and Internet in Education13526 Words   |  55 Pages123 http://www.futureofchildren.org The Impact of Home Computer Use on Children’s Activities and Development Kaveri Subrahmanyam Robert E. Kraut Patricia M. Greenfield Elisheva F. Gross â€Å"I really want to move to Antarctica—I’d want my cat and Internet access and I’d be happy.† —16-year-old HomeNet participant (1995) Kaveri Subrahmanyam, Ph.D., is assistant professor of child development at California State University, Los Angeles. Robert E. Kraut, Ph.D., is professor of social psychologyRead MoreMedia Violence9754 Words   |  40 PagesChildren are among the greatest of imitatorsÂ… The debate over media violence has eluded definitive answers for more then three decades. At first glance, the debate is dominated by one question. Whether or not media violence causes real life violence and whether or not it has a negative effect of the modern day Canadian family. Closer examination reveals a political battle. On one hand, there are those who blame media violence for societal violence and want to censor violent content to protect

The Importance of Individual’s Frame of Mind Free Essays

People’s activities are divided into physical behaviors and mental behaviors. With their hands, they can do everything they want to do. However, without the support of mentality, these physical behaviors are meaningless. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Individual’s Frame of Mind or any similar topic only for you Order Now People’s happiness derives from their mind. When they are willing to do something, even it is insignificant, they can also be cheerful. Compared to the transient mind, to form everlasting frame of mind is meaningful for people’s life. However, different frames of mind bring people into different situations. In â€Å"On Habit†, Alain de Botton uses the example of De Maistre who experiences room-travel to recommend a frame of mind called traveling mindset, which is to observe any common events with traveling view. Compared to habituated view, an invariable attitude to treat daily life, traveling mindset brings more changes and creative imaginations in boring physical environment. Through forming active lifestyle, people can share enjoyable and meaningful life. However, some frames of mind have negative influence in people’s happiness. As in â€Å"Bumping into Mr. Ravioli†, Adam Gopnik finds that his daughter has an imaginary playmate called Ravioli. Then he notices the general frame of mind of people in New York through Ravioli and the conversation with his sister, a psychologist. Ravioli, the same as New Yorkers, always lives in a busy status. Even though people have spare time out of work, the atmosphere in New York makes them form a frame of mind that they need to be busy all the time. Due to this â€Å"busyness†, people in New York spend most time in their own space, which leads to a crisis in people’s relationship. In general, the existence of individual’s frame of mind, as a result of people’s psychological demands and the pressure of life, creates appropriate methods to adapt for challenges and make happiness. Since people have unique and meaningful experience, they can cultivate their individual frame of mind through their expectation of life. Like a lifestyle, once the frame of mind has been formed, it is hard to change. However, people need to keep on improving their frames of mind to seek for a sense of well-being in life. The reason which people cannot be happy is that they do not find a rational frame of mind to treat their life. As de Botton mentions, â€Å"the sole cause of man’s unhappiness is that he does not know how to stay quietly in his room† (qtd. in de Botton 60). Treating the same thing with different frames of mind can lead to different results. Observing the common furniture and structure in the room, people with habituated mindset can feel weary about their room since they face the same objects all day. Then, habituated mindset becomes a kind of negative frame of mind and makes people upset. However, De Maistre decides to lock his door and make a room-travel. He reobserves details of furniture and makes imaginations. For example, when he walks by the bed, he can recollect the night he spends in it. He changes his mind to observe familiar room and get cheerful with traveling mindset. Opposite to habituated mindset, traveling mindset, as a positive frame of mind, corresponds with people’s demand in their boring life. In addition, people can also form a specific frame of mind because of their surrounding. As the situation faced by the daughter of Gopnik, â€Å"it [seems] obvious that Ravioli [is] a romantic figure of the big exotic life that [goes] on outside her little limited life of park and playgrounds†¦like imitation of the words she hears her mother use when she talks about her day with her friends†(Gopnik 154). She feels tired of her living environment. Then, she needs a method to express her expectation outside her limited space. To satisfy her aspiration, she imagines a friend who she can talk with like the relationship between her mother and her mother’s friends. She wants to be independent. However, she is too young to contact with the society. Therefore, this frame of mind becomes imaginary form and her mind relies on the existence of the imaginary friend. With different environment, people have their own frames of mind. These frames of mind can be positive and negative, but it is the way to think and live. Once the frame of mind makes people enjoyable and reflects the hope of future, it can have beneficial influence on people’s life. Different frames of mind lead to different perceiving about same thing, so people’s sense of well-being is influenced by their frames of mind. For a piece of leaf, some people can feel regret because it falls from the tree and loses its life. However, others can be delightful when they see the fallen leaves, because they become nutriment absorbed by the soil to support the growth of new life. It is the same in â€Å"On habit†, De Maistre spends time on enjoy the beauty of the sky at night. However, for the same sky, most people neglect its fantasy. As de Botton explains, â€Å"the reason they [do not] looking [is] that they [have] never done so before. They [fall] into the habit of considering their universe to be boring†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (62). De Maistre has different view about the life and the world, so his frame of mind brings happiness and pleasure to him. The same sky, considered to be boring by others, is redefined by his creative mind. He can be affected by the broadness and the power of the universe. This kind of frame of mind makes him joyful rather than boring. Therefore, the sense of well-being derives from people’s attitude toward their life. Keeping positive way of thinking is an approach to get happiness. Apart from this, people’s living environment can be a factor to influence the cognizance in people’s mind. Cars and televisions are inventions to bring people convenience. They can watch news around the world on television and travel for a long distance by cars. They are signs of modernization. However, considered through another part, these inventions are detrimental to the relationship between people. As Gopnik describes, â€Å"the car and the television pulled people apart-taking them out to the suburbs and sitting them in front of a solo spectacle†(158). On the one hand, the speed of the car is fast, so people can ignore their friends who come by. On the other hand, drivers have to pay attention to the roadway; then, they have no time to care about whether there is a friend around them. The car always takes people away. Due to its limited space, it restricts people to contact with others. Since Gopnik lives in New York, the crowed traffic can be one reason for her to resist the car. In busy lifestyle, it is necessary to create some chance to stay with friends. â€Å"Busyness† affects New Yorker’s frames of mind. Compared to drive cars, walking is more suitable for New York’s environment. Similarly, when people watch television, they do not want to chat with others. Moreover, once they get knowledge and information from television, they do not need to learn from others. In this situation, the topic between people can be less and the relationship slowly drifts apart. The busy atmosphere changes people’s frames of mind in New York. Therefore, individual’s frame of mind can be affected by many factors such as people’s attitudes towards life and their living environment. It can influence people’s lifestyle because it origins from people’s experience and expectations. The positive frame of mind can create happiness for people through changing their ways of perceiving things Individual’s frame of mind is a sign in life and a reflection of spirit to help people find their own way to achieve happiness. A beneficial frame of mind represents a ifestyle and a myth which can be followed by others, so people with the same frame of mind can be a group. In addition, people have impetus to try to imitate this mind when they notice that it can make their life better. As de Botton behaves, â€Å"I force myself to obey a peculiar kind of mental command: to look around me as though I [have] never been in this place before†(63). He finds that traveling mindset can make life different and interesting, so he wants to form this frame of mind. At the same time, his behavior â€Å"bears fruit†. He can see â€Å"a restaurant [becomes] filled with dinner rather than shapes†. By setting traveling mindset as a habit, he forms another view of the world and life in his spirit. He dose not feel the life boring any more, and this frame of mind in his spirit can remind him that he needs to treat his normal life creative and imaginative. Therefore, it is the power of individual’s frame of mind. Additionally, once a kind of frame of mind is identified generally, it can be more influential. As Gopnik highlights, â€Å"busyness is our art form, our civic ritual, our way of being us†(160). In New York, busyness can be considered as a sign of a country. People all indentify that â€Å"busyness† is the expression of their frames of mind. They live in busy life and contact with busy friends and colleagues. No matter whether they are truly enjoyable in this busy situation, they are used to it and become one part of it. Under the pressure of the society, people need to keep a appropriate frame of mind to deal with the challenges and create happiness. People can experience many kinds of frames of mind in their life. However, only some of them are beneficial for people to find happiness. Indeed, life is a process of seeking for felicity. Like de Botton, he hates his living environment when he returns to homeland from traveling. Therefore, he tries to think with traveling mindset, so that he can be happier than before. The same as Gopnik, he finds the essence of the culture in New York, so he can understand about his daughter’s imaginary friend and have an insight into the â€Å"busyness† in his life. Attempting to find suitable frames of mind in order to face trouble rationally, people can finally realize that happiness is around themselves. 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Behavioural Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Behavioural Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Answer: Introducrion: This particular project involves a discussion about a several inventions of Shane Chen and their lowered rate of profit margins. Additionally, three recommendations that will help in developing business conditions have also been included in the paper. According to Oni?or and Dr?niceanu (2014), among the several inventions that have flooded the market and also has become an aspect of desire, there exists an unrecognized inventor. It is noted that over the years, there has been a number of innovations across the globe (Stim 2014). One of the most remarkable objects that have gained an increased popularity is the hover board. As per the case study, it can be seen that Shane Chen despite of being the mastermind behind the extraordinary invention has not greatly benefited from its ever sales increments. Moreover, it is often that he often refers to history for examining the reasons behind innovators not benefitting from the extraordinary developments. In case of hover boards, it is noted that the original object that was sold under the brand name of Hovertrax at a price of $1000 is confronted with a replica manufactured by the Chinese at a much lower cost. Being used to other copying his designs and inventions, Chen did not make much money out of his various innovations in the last 10 years. Additionally, apart from the hover board there exists many other prototypes that he tends to provide to the people and thereby protect its copyright. It is the use of low quality materials and batteries that enable the Chinese factories to lower the price of the hover board thereby attracting most part of the market. Moreover, despite of being dangerous the people tend to fulfil their wants with a minimal pocket pinch. On the other hand, products like AquaSkipper and Powerwing are recognized as the highest earning inventions that helped in funding of other projects. Also, innovations like Lunicycle, Solowheel and various other projects that never made it to the market reflects the inventor`s poor sense of marketing and business in the modern world as well. Reviewing the case study, there are a few recommendations that can be made which will allow Shane Chen to earn an increased amount of profits from his inventions. Firstly, earning a patent of every invention is highly suggested. Further, in terms of market development it is important that the patents are used in the best possible manner (Ullberg 2015). In addition to aspects of licensing, Chen should also take into consideration forming of legal contracts, abolishment of which would lead to sue of the rival companies. As stated by Terpstra, Foley and Sarathy (2012), it is noted that entering into agreements with departmental stores and retail outlets would not only reduce entrance of Chinese low costing goods in the market, but will also build up market for originality. Moreover, with a development of opportunities in the domestic and international regions, Chen needs to involve in export of goods under contracted and licensed operators. Secondly, in order to increase sales and thereby revenue generation, Chen should seek help of trustable invention promotion companies. In the words of Spulber (2013), a delegation of advertisement processes to a team of experts will lead to increase of profit margins. Furthermore, a proper use of promotional mediums and available resources will also greatly contribute towards raising earnings from innovations. Being an inventor, Chen needs to learn about marketing terms and conditions. It is noted that, knowledge about business developmental methods will ensure a positive and accurate exchange of information and ideas with the outer world (Cohen and Glazer 2014). On the other hand, an efficient use of the ever growing social and digital media would also significantly help in spreading the innovation all over the world and also make an effect on the peoples perception leading them to buy the goods (Ullberg 2015). Lastly, the most primary suggestion that will significantly help the inventor is the installation of an expert marketing team in his company. As opined by Spulber (2013), the presence of a skilled taskforce will not only help in developing sales volumes, promotional processes and thereby contribute towards revenue generation. Moreover, it will also reduce an extra burden of business from Chen as well, helping him to do what he is best at. According to Schwab and Werker (2014), it is noted that despite of being a costly suggestion, the integration of a highly trained and educated management team will lead the profit margins to a whole new level. In addition to contributing towards developing revenue figures, experts will also help Chen learn about the views, preferences, and perspectives of the public thereby lending a hand filling up areas of pitfalls as well. References Cohen, L. and Glazer, A., 2014.Forward Markets to Spur Innovation(No. 131405). Oni?or, L.F. and Dr?niceanu, D., 2014. Marketing and Innovation: the Inventors Point of View.International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories,4(2), pp.322-330. Schwab, D. and Werker, E., 2014. Profits and Economic Development.Harvard Business School BGIE Unit Working Paper, (14-087). Spulber, D.F., 2013. Competing inventors and the incentive to invent.Industrial and Corporate Change,22(1), pp.33-72. Spulber, D.F., 2013. How do competitive pressures affect incentives to innovate when there is a market for inventions?.Journal of Political Economy,121(6), pp.1007-1054. Stim, R., 2014.Profit from Your Idea: How to Make Smart Licensing Deals. Nolo. Terpstra, V., Foley, J. and Sarathy, R., 2012.International marketing. Naper Press. Ullberg, E., 2015.Coordination of Inventions and Innovations through patent markets with prices(No. 260). The Ratio Institute. Ullberg, E., 2015.Trade in Ideas: Performance and Behavioural Properties of Markets in Patents with Two-part Tariff(No. 261). The Ratio Institute.

Phillis Wheatley Essays - American Slaves, , Term Papers

Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley, one of America's most profound writers, has contributed greatly to American literature, not only as a writer, but as an African American woman, who has influenced many African Americans by enriching their knowledge of and exposure to their Negro heritage and Negro literature. As one of America's most renown writers, Wheatley, said to be the mother of African American Literature, is best known for her sympathetic portrayals of African American thought. Wheatley's literary contributions are vast in nature and distinguish her apart from most writers of her era. Her writings have helped in the molding of the African American tradition and are favored by people of all ethnic backgrounds. Phillis Wheatley was born on the West coast of Africa. Her exact birthplace is unknown; however it is assumed that she was born near Senegambia, a territory that today is divided between the nation of Senegal and Gambia. Wheatley's birthplace is assumed to be near Senegambia because it was in this territory that Wheatley and others were introduced into the vile conditions of slavery. Kidnapped by slave agents at the age of seven, young Phillis had to endure the struggle to America alone. "Frail young Phillis probably survived the grim voyage to America only because she was in a loose pack. If she had been part of a tight pack she might not have survived" (Franklin, 223) Phillis Wheatley arrived in Boston Massachusetts in 1761 at the age of eight. It was undoubtedly here where she was first exposed to the harsh conditions of the South. On the "stalls and auction blocks at the slave market", a wealthy Caucasian woman, named Susannah Wheatley purchased Phillis as "her personal servant and companion" (Loggins,98). Phillis Wheatley acquired her last name from Susannah Wheatley--it was the norm during this time period for slave owners to give their slaves their last names. She was named Phillis ironically"after the ship that brought her to slavery" (Loggias, 101). As a child, Phillis Wheatley was blessed with the gift to recite poetry. Wheatley quickly mastered the English language as well as Latin, and soon began to write verses. During this time, is was uncommon for slaves to be as literate and proficient in the English language or any other language, as Phillis Wheatley was. Wheatley not only knew how to comprehend the language, she also knew how to write the language. This accomplishment made it evident that slaves were equally as intelligent if not more than their slave owners and perfectly capable of understanding any concept. Within sixteen months of her arrival, she was reading astronomy, geography, history, and British literature. Wheatley was able to break a language barrier that had held so many others of her race back. Her desire for learning increased and the quest for knowledge became embedded in her spirit, mind, and soul. By her teenage years, Wheatley was a well known author, reciting poems for the New England elite in homes where blacks could not even sit at the table with whites. Phillis Wheatley made many contributions to American literature. Other than successfully representing and expressing the feelings of anger, frustration, and impatience of African American people abroad, she has paved the way for young aspiring African American writers. In 1771, Wheatley composed her first major work, "On an elegy to evangelist George Whitefield." After realizing Wheatley's potential for excellence, Susannah Wheatley arranged a London publication of Wheatley's poems. As a result of this, prominent Bostonians verified the book's author as being Black. Britons praised the book, but criticized Americans for keeping its author enslaved. At this time, Americans were only interested in benefiting White America, and were not prepared for the fact that Britons would criticize their slave policy. In 1774, she wrote a letter repudiating slavery, which was reprinted and distributed throughout New England. The fact that she was able to publicly denounce slavery is evidence of influential voice as an African American during this time. In 1775, Wheatley wrote "Reply" which was the first recorded celebration of African American Heritage by an African American. Wheatley's popularity among the elite of Massachusetts grew rapidly. As the first African American to compose a book of imaginative writing, Wheatley is the originator of the African American literary tradition and also of the African American women's tradition. Wheatley combined the influences of religion and neo-classicism in her poems. She articulated the theme of freedom in many of her works. For instance, Phillis Wheatley made political comments supporting American freedom from Britain. Her numerous elegies suggest a conscious poetic escape from slavery. She celebrates death and the rewards and

Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022

Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 Introduction Scope or work. The present project is aimed at analysing and evaluating the resources and opportunities of the country Qatar with regard to the expected world cup that is sure to be held there in 2022 in accordance with the bid won by Qatar to host the world cup on its territory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, it is necessary to evaluate whether the conditions in this country are appropriate to hold a green world cup there in terms of environmental issues and climate components. Rationale for research. The investigation should be performed to assess the readiness of Qatar to host the world cup on its territory with regard to international rules and conventions. As representatives of different nations would take part in the world cup, extraneous stressors should not be imposed on them. Objectives Problem statement. The problem for Qatar with regard to construction and design of buildings and facilities for the world cup 2022 is the environment, climate issues, and investment. So, Qatar is a country with emerging economy but everything can happen in more than ten years. Besides, the climate of Qatar is hot and humidity is high contrasted to other countries that could have won the bid for the 2022 world cup. Finally, the environment should be green; so, it is important to reduce the pollution of waters and air and reduce the gas emission. Justification of the problem. The problem of investments and environment is great because the country eligible to host some international events should provide its participants with adequate conditions similar to the ones provided in other countries for events of the same level as the world cup. Methodology Review of projects. The projects designed for the Qatar 2022 world cup are magnificent with wide variety of modern materials and constructions techniques. So, the stadiums and buildings can be constructed in order to provide the participants and audience with the maximum of comfort.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, air conditioning applied to stadiums would reduce the temperature typical for climate in Qatar and make the conditions appropriate for the game. Planning for world cup facilities. The facilities should be designed in accordance with the international norms of security measures for such type of events. Besides, it is important to investigate whether the country and organizations that contribute to the construction of buildings and facilities in Qatar are certified to perform such activities. However, the projects of stadiums and facilities are aimed at bringing the world cup on the brand-new level of design and construction in term so architecture and tourism. Critical issues. Environmental factors for Qatar include a great variety of factors such as hot temperature and high level of humidity. As such, the air conditioning would be an integral part of the construction of buildings and facilitites for the world cup in Qatar 2022. The infrastructure in this country should be developed as well as the stadiums. Roads, airports, and other means of transportation and communication should be developed to ensure that all guests of the world cup would be satisfied. â€Å"some emerging market host countries (such as China, India and Qatar) are ramping up aggressively as project sponsors† (Orr and Kennedy 96). The airways of Qatar are reported to be sufficient for the world cup, â€Å"Qatar Airways created strong competition for well-established carriers† (Surovitskikha and Lubbeb 2). The study by Al-Madfa, Abdel-Moati, and Al-Gimaly is aimed at researching the water pollution in Qatar of oysters. However, if water pollution influences water organisms, it would inevitably i nfluence people that would bathe in the sea when they come to Qatar for the world cup 2022.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study by Abu-Madi et al. Focuses on parasites and other infections that are typical for Qatar and can develop in the human organism in such a hot climate as in Qatar. So, infections prevention measures should be taken in advance to ensure that no fans that would come to the world cup can be infected with parasites and other typical diseases. The problem of health care was also investigated by Chouchane et al. who analysed the medical environment in Qatar. This means that health care should be developed as an integral part of the country’s infrastructure.. Climate change and emission control (green world cup). Piebalgs analysed the relationship between energy and air pollution and possibilities for reduc ing gas emission in Qatar with regard to their natural resources and possible use of alternative sources of energy that would be more environmentally safe and sufficient. Expected Outcomes Summary of discussion. The emerging economy of Qatar is a good sign of developing opportunities to realize the projects for the world cup 2022. However, there are some obstacles that can interfere with the plans of the management of this project. As such, analysis of infrastructure should include health care issues and security measures while planning the budgeting for the project. Besides, relationship between the gas emission and green world cup concepts should be drawn. Possible limitations. The limitations of the project include investments and the increased level of infections typical for this type of climate. Abu-Madi, Marawan A., Behnke, Jerzy M., and Doiphode, Sanjay H. â€Å"Changing Trends in Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Long-Term-Residents and Settled Immigrants in Qatar.â₠¬  Parasites Vectors 3. 98 (2010). Web.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Al-Madfa, H., Abdel-Moati, M. A. R., and Al-Gimaly, F. H. â€Å"Pinctada radiata (Pearl Oyster): A Bioindicator for Metal Pollution Monitoring in the Qatari Waters (Arabian Gulf).† Bulletin of Environment and Contamination Toxicology 60 (1998): 245-251. Chouchane, Lotfi. Et al. â€Å"Medical Education and Research Environment in Qatar: A New Epoch for Translational Research in the Middle East.† Journal of Translational Medicine 9.16 (2011). Web. Orr, Ryan J., and Kennedy, Jeremy R. â€Å"Highlights of Recent Trends in Global Infrastructure: New Players and Revised Game Rules.† Transnational Corporations 17.1 (April 2008): 95-130. Piebalgs, Andris. â€Å"EU Energy and Climate Policy.† Speech at the 7th Doha Natural Gas Conference (2009). Surovitskikha, Svetlana, and Lubbeb, Berendien. â€Å"Positioning of Selected Middle Eastern Airlines in the South African Business and Leisure Travel Environment.† n. d. Web.

Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda

Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda Edward Bernays was an American business consultant who is widely regarded as having created the modern profession of public relations with his groundbreaking campaigns of the 1920s. Bernays attained clients among major corporations and became known for boosting their business by causing changes in public opinion. Advertising was already commonplace by the early 20th century. But what Bernays did with his campaigns was significantly different, as he didnt openly seek to promote a particular product the way a typical ad campaign would. Instead, when hired by a company, Bernays would set out to change the opinions of the general public, creating demand which would indirectly boost the fortunes of a particular product. Fast Facts: Edward Bernays Born: November 22, 1891 in Vienna AustriaDied: March 9, 1995 in Cambridge, MassachusettsParents: Ely Bernays and Anna FreudSpouse: Doris Fleishman (married 1922)Education: Cornell UniversityNotable Published Works: Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923),  Propaganda  (1928),  Public Relations  (1945),  The Engineering of Consent  (1955)Famous Quote: Whatever of social importance is done today, whether in politics, finance, manufacture, agriculture, charity, education, or other fields, must be done with the help of propaganda. (from his 1928 book Propaganda) Some of Bernays public relations campaigns failed, but some were so successful that he was able to create a thriving business. And, making no secret of his family relationship to Sigmund Freud- he was the nephew of the pioneering psychoanalyst- his work had the veneer of scientific respectability. Bernays was often portrayed as the father of propaganda, a title he did not mind. He maintained that propaganda was a laudable and necessary component of democratic government. Early Life Edward L. Bernays was born on November 22, 1891, in Vienna, Austria. His family emigrated to the United States a year later, and his father became a successful grain merchant on the New York commodity exchanges. His mother, Anna Freud, was the younger sister of Sigmund Freud. Bernays did not grow up in contact with Freud directly, though as a young man he did visit him. Its unclear how much Freud influenced his work in the publicity business, but Bernays was never shy about the connection and it no doubt helped him attract clients. After growing up in Manhattan, Bernays attended Cornell University. It was his fathers idea, as he believed his son would also enter the grain business and a degree from Cornells prestigious agriculture program would be helpful. Bernays was an outsider at Cornell, which was largely attended by the sons of farming families. Unhappy with the career path chosen for him, he graduated from Cornell intent on becoming a journalist. Back in Manhattan, he became the editor of a medical journal. Early Career His position at the Medical Review of Reviews led to his first foray into public relations. He heard that an actor wanted to produce a play that was controversial, as it dealt with the subject of venereal disease. Bernays offered to help and essentially turned the play into a cause, and a success, by creating what he called the Sociological Fund Committee, which enlisted notable citizens to praise the play. After that first experience, Bernays began working as a press agent and built a thriving business. During World War I he was rejected for military service due to his poor vision, but he offered his public relations services to the U.S. government. When he joined the governments Committee of Public Information, he enlisted American companies doing business overseas to distribute literature about Americas reasons for entering the war. After the end of the war, Bernays traveled to Paris as part of a government public relations team at the Paris Peace Conference. The trip went badly for Bernays, who found himself in conflict with other officials. Despite that, he came away having learned a valuable lesson, which was that wartime work changing public opinion on a grand scale could have civilian applications. Noteworthy Campaigns Following the war, Bernays continued in the public relations business, seeking out major clients. An early triumph was a project for President Calvin Coolidge, who projected a stern and humorless image. Bernays arranged for performers, including Al Jolson, to visit Coolidge at the White House. Coolidge was portrayed in the press as having fun, and weeks later he won the election of 1924. Bernays, of course, took credit for changing the publics perception of Coolidge. One of the most famous Bernays campaigns was while working for the American Tobacco Company in the late 1920s. Smoking had caught on among American women in the years following World War I, but the habit carried a stigma and only a fraction of Americans found it acceptable for women to smoke, especially in public. Bernays began by spreading the idea, through various means, that smoking was an alternative to candy and desserts and that tobacco helped people lose weight. He followed that up in 1929 with something more audacious: spreading the idea that cigarettes meant freedom. Bernays had gotten the idea from consulting with a New York psychoanalyst who happened to be a disciple of his uncle, Dr. Freud. Bernays was informed that women of the late 1920s were seeking freedom, and smoking represented that freedom. To find a way to convey that concept to the public, Bernays hit upon the stunt of having young women smoke cigarettes while strolling in the annual Easter Sunday parade on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Scene at 1929 Freedom Torches event arranged by Edward Bernays.   Getty Images The event was carefully organized and essentially scripted. Debutantes were recruited to be the smokers, and they were carefully positioned near particular landmarks, such as St. Patricks Cathedral. Bernays even arranged for a photographer to shoot images just in case any newspaper photographers missed the shot. The next day, the New York Times published a story on the annual Easter celebrations and a sub-headline on page one read: Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of Freedom. The article noted about a dozen young women strolled back and forth near St. Patricks Cathedral, ostentatiously smoking cigarettes. When interviewed, the women said the cigarettes were torches of freedom that were lighting the way to the day when women would smoke on the street as casually as men. The tobacco company was happy with the results, as sales to women accelerated. A wildly successful campaign was devised by Bernays for a longtime client, Procter Gamble for its Ivory Soap brand. Bernays devised a way of making children like soap by initiating soap carving contests. Children (and adults, too) were encouraged to whittle bars of Ivory and the contests became a national fad. A newspaper article in 1929 about the companys fifth annual soap sculpture contest mentioned that $1,675 in prize money was being awarded, and many contestants were adults and even professional artists. The contests continued for decades (and instructions for soap sculpture are still part of Procter Gamble promotions). Influential Author Bernays had started in public relations as a press agent for various performers, but by the 1920s he saw himself as a strategist who was elevating the entire business of public relations into a profession. He preached his theories on shaping public opinion at university lectures and also published books, including Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923) and Propaganda (1928). He later wrote memoirs of his career. His books were influential, and generations of public relations professionals have referred to them. Bernays, however, came in for criticism. He was denounced by the magazine Editor and Publisher as the young Machiavelli of our time, and he was often criticized for operating in deceptive ways. Legacy Bernays has been widely regarded as a pioneer in the field of public relations, and many of his techniques have become commonplace. For instance, the Bernays practice of forming interest groups to advocate for something is reflected daily in the commentators on cable television who represent interest groups and think tanks that seem to exist to confer respectability. Often speaking out in retirement, Bernays, who lived to the age of 103 and died in 1995, was often critical of those who seemed to be his heirs. He told the New York Times, in an interview conducted in honor of his 100th birthday, that any dope, any nitwit, any idiot, can call him or herself a public relations practitioner. However, he said he would be happy to be called the father of public relations when the field is taken seriously, like law or architecture. Sources: Edward L. Bernays. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2004, pp. 211-212. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Bernays, Edward L. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson, et al., vol. 4: 1994-1996, Charles Scribners Sons, 2001, pp. 32-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

The Jainist And Carvaka Approach Ethics Are They Compatible Essay

The Jainist And Carvaka Approach Ethics Are They Compatible - Essay Example An individual who consistently becomes upset, discontent with the world, egotistic, and selfish towards the people around them grows into an individual with no peace of mind and the desire to accept the worldly situations as they are. The Jainist approach to ethics loathes fear of the legal system or individuals of the higher authority as this demonstrates the karmic bondage of such a person according to the karma philosophy. Jainists discourage actions that are associated with hypocritical practices aimed at enhancing exploitation of the weak and the vulnerable for material gains only (Kalghatgi 236). All individuals in the Jainist approach should aim at the achievement of happiness and peace of mind due to the fact such individuals possess the power to understand that commitment and equanimity begets happiness and personal satisfaction. The desire to revenge due to anger and resentment fuels violence and provides no room for peaceful solutions to available crises. For example, issu ing threatening remarks towards a terrorist as a way of controlling their actions has no impact at all, as it increases the resolve of the terrorist to continue with their activities. When the United States of America decided to enter the Gulf region to retaliate the attacks by terrorists, the solution to terrorism was sent to a mirage position as the criminals’ resolve was doubled (Koller 157). The Carvaka philosophy also traces its roots to the Indian philosophical development, and it assumes forms that go to materialism, philosophical skepticism, and indifference to religion. The development of the Carvaka philosophy arose from the orthodox Hindu and the Nastika philosophical developments in the early 17th century in India. The development of Indian philosophical work has... This essay stresses that the Carvakans skeptical analysis strengthens the resolve that there is no hell that possesses an excessive pain as that experienced by the current form of life in the world. It, however, agrees on the presence of a supreme who is the monarch of the earthly materials and whose actions and influence are both visible and can be felt in different ways. In their preposition, it is evident that the Carvakans committed a fallacy when they insisted that the fact that an event or object which is not known to exist cannot exist in any form. This paper makes a conclusion that the religious conceptions as explained in Jainist are rejected by the Carvakans philosophies. The Pianist advances the belief in the presence of animate and inanimate entities whose souls do not interact at any level. It, thus, believes in the presence of another form of life, a sort of reincarnation after the physical death on earth. This is against the ideals of Carvakans, which rejects the ability of an individual to escape the power of death and emerge in another form. This position placed the Carvakans philosopher at a collision course with the Veda proponents who also subscribed to a theoretical reference to reincarnation (Koller 159). To the Carvakans, any individual attributes that were used to represent an individual resided solely in the body and could not be replicated in another form after death in a process similar to reincarnation.