Phillis Wheatley Essays - American Slaves, , Term Papers

Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley, one of America's most profound writers, has contributed greatly to American literature, not only as a writer, but as an African American woman, who has influenced many African Americans by enriching their knowledge of and exposure to their Negro heritage and Negro literature. As one of America's most renown writers, Wheatley, said to be the mother of African American Literature, is best known for her sympathetic portrayals of African American thought. Wheatley's literary contributions are vast in nature and distinguish her apart from most writers of her era. Her writings have helped in the molding of the African American tradition and are favored by people of all ethnic backgrounds. Phillis Wheatley was born on the West coast of Africa. Her exact birthplace is unknown; however it is assumed that she was born near Senegambia, a territory that today is divided between the nation of Senegal and Gambia. Wheatley's birthplace is assumed to be near Senegambia because it was in this territory that Wheatley and others were introduced into the vile conditions of slavery. Kidnapped by slave agents at the age of seven, young Phillis had to endure the struggle to America alone. "Frail young Phillis probably survived the grim voyage to America only because she was in a loose pack. If she had been part of a tight pack she might not have survived" (Franklin, 223) Phillis Wheatley arrived in Boston Massachusetts in 1761 at the age of eight. It was undoubtedly here where she was first exposed to the harsh conditions of the South. On the "stalls and auction blocks at the slave market", a wealthy Caucasian woman, named Susannah Wheatley purchased Phillis as "her personal servant and companion" (Loggins,98). Phillis Wheatley acquired her last name from Susannah Wheatley--it was the norm during this time period for slave owners to give their slaves their last names. She was named Phillis ironically"after the ship that brought her to slavery" (Loggias, 101). As a child, Phillis Wheatley was blessed with the gift to recite poetry. Wheatley quickly mastered the English language as well as Latin, and soon began to write verses. During this time, is was uncommon for slaves to be as literate and proficient in the English language or any other language, as Phillis Wheatley was. Wheatley not only knew how to comprehend the language, she also knew how to write the language. This accomplishment made it evident that slaves were equally as intelligent if not more than their slave owners and perfectly capable of understanding any concept. Within sixteen months of her arrival, she was reading astronomy, geography, history, and British literature. Wheatley was able to break a language barrier that had held so many others of her race back. Her desire for learning increased and the quest for knowledge became embedded in her spirit, mind, and soul. By her teenage years, Wheatley was a well known author, reciting poems for the New England elite in homes where blacks could not even sit at the table with whites. Phillis Wheatley made many contributions to American literature. Other than successfully representing and expressing the feelings of anger, frustration, and impatience of African American people abroad, she has paved the way for young aspiring African American writers. In 1771, Wheatley composed her first major work, "On an elegy to evangelist George Whitefield." After realizing Wheatley's potential for excellence, Susannah Wheatley arranged a London publication of Wheatley's poems. As a result of this, prominent Bostonians verified the book's author as being Black. Britons praised the book, but criticized Americans for keeping its author enslaved. At this time, Americans were only interested in benefiting White America, and were not prepared for the fact that Britons would criticize their slave policy. In 1774, she wrote a letter repudiating slavery, which was reprinted and distributed throughout New England. The fact that she was able to publicly denounce slavery is evidence of influential voice as an African American during this time. In 1775, Wheatley wrote "Reply" which was the first recorded celebration of African American Heritage by an African American. Wheatley's popularity among the elite of Massachusetts grew rapidly. As the first African American to compose a book of imaginative writing, Wheatley is the originator of the African American literary tradition and also of the African American women's tradition. Wheatley combined the influences of religion and neo-classicism in her poems. She articulated the theme of freedom in many of her works. For instance, Phillis Wheatley made political comments supporting American freedom from Britain. Her numerous elegies suggest a conscious poetic escape from slavery. She celebrates death and the rewards and

Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022

Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 Introduction Scope or work. The present project is aimed at analysing and evaluating the resources and opportunities of the country Qatar with regard to the expected world cup that is sure to be held there in 2022 in accordance with the bid won by Qatar to host the world cup on its territory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, it is necessary to evaluate whether the conditions in this country are appropriate to hold a green world cup there in terms of environmental issues and climate components. Rationale for research. The investigation should be performed to assess the readiness of Qatar to host the world cup on its territory with regard to international rules and conventions. As representatives of different nations would take part in the world cup, extraneous stressors should not be imposed on them. Objectives Problem statement. The problem for Qatar with regard to construction and design of buildings and facilities for the world cup 2022 is the environment, climate issues, and investment. So, Qatar is a country with emerging economy but everything can happen in more than ten years. Besides, the climate of Qatar is hot and humidity is high contrasted to other countries that could have won the bid for the 2022 world cup. Finally, the environment should be green; so, it is important to reduce the pollution of waters and air and reduce the gas emission. Justification of the problem. The problem of investments and environment is great because the country eligible to host some international events should provide its participants with adequate conditions similar to the ones provided in other countries for events of the same level as the world cup. Methodology Review of projects. The projects designed for the Qatar 2022 world cup are magnificent with wide variety of modern materials and constructions techniques. So, the stadiums and buildings can be constructed in order to provide the participants and audience with the maximum of comfort.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, air conditioning applied to stadiums would reduce the temperature typical for climate in Qatar and make the conditions appropriate for the game. Planning for world cup facilities. The facilities should be designed in accordance with the international norms of security measures for such type of events. Besides, it is important to investigate whether the country and organizations that contribute to the construction of buildings and facilities in Qatar are certified to perform such activities. However, the projects of stadiums and facilities are aimed at bringing the world cup on the brand-new level of design and construction in term so architecture and tourism. Critical issues. Environmental factors for Qatar include a great variety of factors such as hot temperature and high level of humidity. As such, the air conditioning would be an integral part of the construction of buildings and facilitites for the world cup in Qatar 2022. The infrastructure in this country should be developed as well as the stadiums. Roads, airports, and other means of transportation and communication should be developed to ensure that all guests of the world cup would be satisfied. â€Å"some emerging market host countries (such as China, India and Qatar) are ramping up aggressively as project sponsors† (Orr and Kennedy 96). The airways of Qatar are reported to be sufficient for the world cup, â€Å"Qatar Airways created strong competition for well-established carriers† (Surovitskikha and Lubbeb 2). The study by Al-Madfa, Abdel-Moati, and Al-Gimaly is aimed at researching the water pollution in Qatar of oysters. However, if water pollution influences water organisms, it would inevitably i nfluence people that would bathe in the sea when they come to Qatar for the world cup 2022.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study by Abu-Madi et al. Focuses on parasites and other infections that are typical for Qatar and can develop in the human organism in such a hot climate as in Qatar. So, infections prevention measures should be taken in advance to ensure that no fans that would come to the world cup can be infected with parasites and other typical diseases. The problem of health care was also investigated by Chouchane et al. who analysed the medical environment in Qatar. This means that health care should be developed as an integral part of the country’s infrastructure.. Climate change and emission control (green world cup). Piebalgs analysed the relationship between energy and air pollution and possibilities for reduc ing gas emission in Qatar with regard to their natural resources and possible use of alternative sources of energy that would be more environmentally safe and sufficient. Expected Outcomes Summary of discussion. The emerging economy of Qatar is a good sign of developing opportunities to realize the projects for the world cup 2022. However, there are some obstacles that can interfere with the plans of the management of this project. As such, analysis of infrastructure should include health care issues and security measures while planning the budgeting for the project. Besides, relationship between the gas emission and green world cup concepts should be drawn. Possible limitations. The limitations of the project include investments and the increased level of infections typical for this type of climate. Abu-Madi, Marawan A., Behnke, Jerzy M., and Doiphode, Sanjay H. â€Å"Changing Trends in Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Long-Term-Residents and Settled Immigrants in Qatar.â₠¬  Parasites Vectors 3. 98 (2010). Web.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Al-Madfa, H., Abdel-Moati, M. A. R., and Al-Gimaly, F. H. â€Å"Pinctada radiata (Pearl Oyster): A Bioindicator for Metal Pollution Monitoring in the Qatari Waters (Arabian Gulf).† Bulletin of Environment and Contamination Toxicology 60 (1998): 245-251. Chouchane, Lotfi. Et al. â€Å"Medical Education and Research Environment in Qatar: A New Epoch for Translational Research in the Middle East.† Journal of Translational Medicine 9.16 (2011). Web. Orr, Ryan J., and Kennedy, Jeremy R. â€Å"Highlights of Recent Trends in Global Infrastructure: New Players and Revised Game Rules.† Transnational Corporations 17.1 (April 2008): 95-130. Piebalgs, Andris. â€Å"EU Energy and Climate Policy.† Speech at the 7th Doha Natural Gas Conference (2009). Surovitskikha, Svetlana, and Lubbeb, Berendien. â€Å"Positioning of Selected Middle Eastern Airlines in the South African Business and Leisure Travel Environment.† n. d. Web.

Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda

Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda Edward Bernays was an American business consultant who is widely regarded as having created the modern profession of public relations with his groundbreaking campaigns of the 1920s. Bernays attained clients among major corporations and became known for boosting their business by causing changes in public opinion. Advertising was already commonplace by the early 20th century. But what Bernays did with his campaigns was significantly different, as he didnt openly seek to promote a particular product the way a typical ad campaign would. Instead, when hired by a company, Bernays would set out to change the opinions of the general public, creating demand which would indirectly boost the fortunes of a particular product. Fast Facts: Edward Bernays Born: November 22, 1891 in Vienna AustriaDied: March 9, 1995 in Cambridge, MassachusettsParents: Ely Bernays and Anna FreudSpouse: Doris Fleishman (married 1922)Education: Cornell UniversityNotable Published Works: Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923),  Propaganda  (1928),  Public Relations  (1945),  The Engineering of Consent  (1955)Famous Quote: Whatever of social importance is done today, whether in politics, finance, manufacture, agriculture, charity, education, or other fields, must be done with the help of propaganda. (from his 1928 book Propaganda) Some of Bernays public relations campaigns failed, but some were so successful that he was able to create a thriving business. And, making no secret of his family relationship to Sigmund Freud- he was the nephew of the pioneering psychoanalyst- his work had the veneer of scientific respectability. Bernays was often portrayed as the father of propaganda, a title he did not mind. He maintained that propaganda was a laudable and necessary component of democratic government. Early Life Edward L. Bernays was born on November 22, 1891, in Vienna, Austria. His family emigrated to the United States a year later, and his father became a successful grain merchant on the New York commodity exchanges. His mother, Anna Freud, was the younger sister of Sigmund Freud. Bernays did not grow up in contact with Freud directly, though as a young man he did visit him. Its unclear how much Freud influenced his work in the publicity business, but Bernays was never shy about the connection and it no doubt helped him attract clients. After growing up in Manhattan, Bernays attended Cornell University. It was his fathers idea, as he believed his son would also enter the grain business and a degree from Cornells prestigious agriculture program would be helpful. Bernays was an outsider at Cornell, which was largely attended by the sons of farming families. Unhappy with the career path chosen for him, he graduated from Cornell intent on becoming a journalist. Back in Manhattan, he became the editor of a medical journal. Early Career His position at the Medical Review of Reviews led to his first foray into public relations. He heard that an actor wanted to produce a play that was controversial, as it dealt with the subject of venereal disease. Bernays offered to help and essentially turned the play into a cause, and a success, by creating what he called the Sociological Fund Committee, which enlisted notable citizens to praise the play. After that first experience, Bernays began working as a press agent and built a thriving business. During World War I he was rejected for military service due to his poor vision, but he offered his public relations services to the U.S. government. When he joined the governments Committee of Public Information, he enlisted American companies doing business overseas to distribute literature about Americas reasons for entering the war. After the end of the war, Bernays traveled to Paris as part of a government public relations team at the Paris Peace Conference. The trip went badly for Bernays, who found himself in conflict with other officials. Despite that, he came away having learned a valuable lesson, which was that wartime work changing public opinion on a grand scale could have civilian applications. Noteworthy Campaigns Following the war, Bernays continued in the public relations business, seeking out major clients. An early triumph was a project for President Calvin Coolidge, who projected a stern and humorless image. Bernays arranged for performers, including Al Jolson, to visit Coolidge at the White House. Coolidge was portrayed in the press as having fun, and weeks later he won the election of 1924. Bernays, of course, took credit for changing the publics perception of Coolidge. One of the most famous Bernays campaigns was while working for the American Tobacco Company in the late 1920s. Smoking had caught on among American women in the years following World War I, but the habit carried a stigma and only a fraction of Americans found it acceptable for women to smoke, especially in public. Bernays began by spreading the idea, through various means, that smoking was an alternative to candy and desserts and that tobacco helped people lose weight. He followed that up in 1929 with something more audacious: spreading the idea that cigarettes meant freedom. Bernays had gotten the idea from consulting with a New York psychoanalyst who happened to be a disciple of his uncle, Dr. Freud. Bernays was informed that women of the late 1920s were seeking freedom, and smoking represented that freedom. To find a way to convey that concept to the public, Bernays hit upon the stunt of having young women smoke cigarettes while strolling in the annual Easter Sunday parade on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Scene at 1929 Freedom Torches event arranged by Edward Bernays.   Getty Images The event was carefully organized and essentially scripted. Debutantes were recruited to be the smokers, and they were carefully positioned near particular landmarks, such as St. Patricks Cathedral. Bernays even arranged for a photographer to shoot images just in case any newspaper photographers missed the shot. The next day, the New York Times published a story on the annual Easter celebrations and a sub-headline on page one read: Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of Freedom. The article noted about a dozen young women strolled back and forth near St. Patricks Cathedral, ostentatiously smoking cigarettes. When interviewed, the women said the cigarettes were torches of freedom that were lighting the way to the day when women would smoke on the street as casually as men. The tobacco company was happy with the results, as sales to women accelerated. A wildly successful campaign was devised by Bernays for a longtime client, Procter Gamble for its Ivory Soap brand. Bernays devised a way of making children like soap by initiating soap carving contests. Children (and adults, too) were encouraged to whittle bars of Ivory and the contests became a national fad. A newspaper article in 1929 about the companys fifth annual soap sculpture contest mentioned that $1,675 in prize money was being awarded, and many contestants were adults and even professional artists. The contests continued for decades (and instructions for soap sculpture are still part of Procter Gamble promotions). Influential Author Bernays had started in public relations as a press agent for various performers, but by the 1920s he saw himself as a strategist who was elevating the entire business of public relations into a profession. He preached his theories on shaping public opinion at university lectures and also published books, including Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923) and Propaganda (1928). He later wrote memoirs of his career. His books were influential, and generations of public relations professionals have referred to them. Bernays, however, came in for criticism. He was denounced by the magazine Editor and Publisher as the young Machiavelli of our time, and he was often criticized for operating in deceptive ways. Legacy Bernays has been widely regarded as a pioneer in the field of public relations, and many of his techniques have become commonplace. For instance, the Bernays practice of forming interest groups to advocate for something is reflected daily in the commentators on cable television who represent interest groups and think tanks that seem to exist to confer respectability. Often speaking out in retirement, Bernays, who lived to the age of 103 and died in 1995, was often critical of those who seemed to be his heirs. He told the New York Times, in an interview conducted in honor of his 100th birthday, that any dope, any nitwit, any idiot, can call him or herself a public relations practitioner. However, he said he would be happy to be called the father of public relations when the field is taken seriously, like law or architecture. Sources: Edward L. Bernays. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2004, pp. 211-212. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Bernays, Edward L. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson, et al., vol. 4: 1994-1996, Charles Scribners Sons, 2001, pp. 32-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

The Jainist And Carvaka Approach Ethics Are They Compatible Essay

The Jainist And Carvaka Approach Ethics Are They Compatible - Essay Example An individual who consistently becomes upset, discontent with the world, egotistic, and selfish towards the people around them grows into an individual with no peace of mind and the desire to accept the worldly situations as they are. The Jainist approach to ethics loathes fear of the legal system or individuals of the higher authority as this demonstrates the karmic bondage of such a person according to the karma philosophy. Jainists discourage actions that are associated with hypocritical practices aimed at enhancing exploitation of the weak and the vulnerable for material gains only (Kalghatgi 236). All individuals in the Jainist approach should aim at the achievement of happiness and peace of mind due to the fact such individuals possess the power to understand that commitment and equanimity begets happiness and personal satisfaction. The desire to revenge due to anger and resentment fuels violence and provides no room for peaceful solutions to available crises. For example, issu ing threatening remarks towards a terrorist as a way of controlling their actions has no impact at all, as it increases the resolve of the terrorist to continue with their activities. When the United States of America decided to enter the Gulf region to retaliate the attacks by terrorists, the solution to terrorism was sent to a mirage position as the criminals’ resolve was doubled (Koller 157). The Carvaka philosophy also traces its roots to the Indian philosophical development, and it assumes forms that go to materialism, philosophical skepticism, and indifference to religion. The development of the Carvaka philosophy arose from the orthodox Hindu and the Nastika philosophical developments in the early 17th century in India. The development of Indian philosophical work has... This essay stresses that the Carvakans skeptical analysis strengthens the resolve that there is no hell that possesses an excessive pain as that experienced by the current form of life in the world. It, however, agrees on the presence of a supreme who is the monarch of the earthly materials and whose actions and influence are both visible and can be felt in different ways. In their preposition, it is evident that the Carvakans committed a fallacy when they insisted that the fact that an event or object which is not known to exist cannot exist in any form. This paper makes a conclusion that the religious conceptions as explained in Jainist are rejected by the Carvakans philosophies. The Pianist advances the belief in the presence of animate and inanimate entities whose souls do not interact at any level. It, thus, believes in the presence of another form of life, a sort of reincarnation after the physical death on earth. This is against the ideals of Carvakans, which rejects the ability of an individual to escape the power of death and emerge in another form. This position placed the Carvakans philosopher at a collision course with the Veda proponents who also subscribed to a theoretical reference to reincarnation (Koller 159). To the Carvakans, any individual attributes that were used to represent an individual resided solely in the body and could not be replicated in another form after death in a process similar to reincarnation.

Website for an organization which has a campaign promoting a core Assignment

Website for an organization which has a campaign promoting a core issue that interests you - Assignment Example Morris Dees SPLC uses current laws to bring lawsuits to change current unjust laws. One example is when Dees sued the United Klans of America on behalf of Beulah Mae Donald. Donald’s son had been killed due to the Klan’s incitement toward violence against blacks. This suit bankrupted the last majorly nationally organized Ku Klux Klan in the United States. By challenging unfair laws and bring lawsuits, the SPLC has challenged and won lawsuits against discrimination against those living in the United States. The primary message is written with photographs at the top. These messages are informative. The website is set up like a news organization. Articles are current news around the United States involving issues of discrimination against minorities, Lesbians, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT), and immigrants. The message is clear. Although America does have more tolerant laws today than in the 1950’s, there is much work to still be done. The target audience is average Americans that might not be aware of incidents of discriminations in their area. An example is the Hate Watch map. The Hate Watch map tracks hate groups. These groups are skinheads, KKK, black panthers, anti-government groups, and any group that promotes hate against others. The map shows the locations of hate group members and more information on each group. It must be noted that although the SPLC was founded during the Civil Rights Movement, the group is not anti-white or pro-black. The SPLC was founded to promote equality among all Americans. The SPLC also has teaching material for educators to teach children. These messages are targeted toward the younger audience. These materials, books, worksheets, videos, and recordings are provided for free. History and current events are covered in these materials. The materials can be requested by a teacher or adult for free. The noise or confusion that

Intention to Leave Among Private Sectors Workers in Malaysia Essay Example for Free

Intention to Leave Among Private Sectors Workers in Malaysia Essay Although, there is no standard framework for understanding the employees turnover process as whole, a wide range of factors have been found to be useful in interpreting employee turnover (Kevin MM, 2004). High turnover rate at any organizations levels constitutes a waste of human resources (Newstorm, 1994). Manager of Human Resource Department need to pay more attention regarding this issues. They need to identify the main sources of employee turnover; is it because of the company’s management or the workers itself. Private sector workers change their job more frequent as compared to government servants. Job nature and working environment plays an important role in influencing employee’s intention to leave. Currently there are numbers of studies looking at the relationship between turnover intention and job satisfaction. However the findings are different between each other’s. So we tend to investigate what actually influence people intention to leave the organization. Instead to identify the relationship between job satisfaction with intention to leave we also investigate is there any relationships between demographic factors (age, year of service and education level) towards intention to leave. The main objective of this study is to examine the factors associated with intention to leave among private sector workers. The primary focus of this study is to identify the major factors related with the intention to leave. The factors may help the Human Resource Department to solve this employer issues by making some changes or improvement in the organization. In other point, this research can be used by others researcher in order to investigate this problem. Human Resource Department also can have the information regarding on what workers want totally. So, HR Department may choose the best strategies or solutions in order to reduce workers turnover rate. 1. 2 Problem Statement In the era of globalization, turnover is a persistent problem in organizations and it is common in every type and size of organization and at every organizational level. Staff turnover is a serious issue especially in the field of human resources management. It is very costly for an organizational and the cost is due to termination, advertising, recruitment, selection, and hiring (Abbasi, Hollman, K. W. , amp; Hayes, R. D. , 2008). It is simply said that the level of job satisfaction of an employee could decline when his or her colleague left the company. This is true because the remaining employees may have to take over the job responsibilities of the previous worker in the case that the management has not find any replacement yet. The workload could be doubled; the stress level might increase thus affecting health conditions and also job performance. It is widely believe that in today’s working environment, job satisfaction has been the main factor to retain employees from leaving an organization. Many research also found that when job satisfaction is achieved by each employees, it could increase the level of job commitment towards task given or in other words; reduce the number of intention to leave among workers. To find out whether it is true that job satisfaction has significant effect on intention to leave among private sector workers, questionnaires has been distributed to ask the respondents how they feel working with the current organization. The elements that we tried to focus on are towards job challenge, supervision, income, and promotion. Besides that we would like to see how demographic factors such as age, year of services and educational level could influence one’s decision to quit a job. 1. 3 Research Questions There are many studies on the relationship between turnover intention and job satisfaction but the results are difference between each other’s. So we tend to investigate what actually influence people intention to leave the organization frequently. The research question for this study has been identified as follows: 1. Do job satisfaction factors have relationship with intention to leave? 2. Do demographic factors (age, year of service and education level) have relationship with intention to leave? 3. Which variables (Job Challenge, Supervision, Income or Promotion) are the strongest factors that might influence intentions to leave? 1. 4 Research Objectives The main objective of this study is to examine the factors associated with intention to leave among private sector workers. Generally this study is intended to measure whether job satisfaction is related to intention to leave. Therefore in order to answer the research question above, the following research objectives were formulated. 1. To identify the relationship between job satisfaction and intention to leave among private sector workers. 2. Do demographic factors (age, years of service and education level have relationships with intention to leave. 3. Which variables strongly related with intention to leave? 1. 5 Significance of Study The primary focus of this study is to identify the major factors related with the intention to leave. The factors may help the Human Resource Department to solve this employer issues by making some changes or improvement of the organization. In other point, this research can be used by others researcher in order to investigate this problem. Human Resource Department also can have the information regarding on what workers want totally. So, HR Department may choose the best strategies or solutions in order to reduce workers turnover rate. 1. 6 Definition of Terms 1. 6. 1 Job Satisfaction According to (Graham, 1982) job satisfaction is a measurement of one’s total feelings and attitudes towards one’s job. Job satisfaction is the main predictor of turnover intention (Milkovich amp; Boudreau, 1997). While (Hoppock, 1935) defined job satisfactions as a combination of psychological, physiological and environmental circumstances. Job satisfaction is attributed not only to one but many factors and varies in its impact on individuals’ satisfaction with life because work varies in importance from individual to individual (Nash, 1985). (Wong, 1989) Who did a research on impact of job satisfaction on intention to change jobs among secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. (Wong, 1989) Find that when the teachers’ have low job satisfaction then they will have low commitment and productivity. So, before the things become worse, Human Resource Manager needs to overcome this situation to prevent company loss. They should alert as one of the major company’s success come from employees. 1. 6. 2 Intention to Leave According to (Noor amp; Maad, 2008) intentions to leave are positively related with actual leaving. Intention can be defines as the most immediate determinants of actual behavior and practical value as one people have actually implemented the behavior to quit (Ajzen amp; Fishbein, 1980). Intention to leave the organization has been studied over several decades which in turn contributed to the findings of the positive and negative aspects of turnover (Mossholder, Bedeian, Norris, Giles, amp; Feild, 1988). Managers and researchers consider turnover as a problem because of costs associated with it (Noor amp; Maad, 2008) and difficulties that organizations face in the recruitment and retention of proficient employees (Villanueva amp; Djurkovic, 2009) and (Igbaria amp; Greenhaus, 1992). CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Introduction Recent research identifies a number of factors that increase the vulnerability of the young, adolescent girls in particular, including orphan hood, migration, forced sexual initiation, and the effects of residence. . 1 Turnover Intention A turnover intention is defined as employees to leave the organization voluntarily without being force by the management. According to (Liu, Liu, J. X. , amp; Hu, J. , 2010), reputation on organization might reduce and damage when their turnover rate is shown upward rate beside that the cost for recruiting a new employee will involve cost to the organization and company expenses also increase. Besides that, cost of employees tu rnover are hard to measure but can be control by organization. In addition, higher rate of turnover will cause the organization lose the high degree of knowledge, skill and abilities. In addition, turnover intention is a problem that needs to be solved by human resources and organization management. The organization need to solve the problem of turnover as soon as possible because it may diminishes the organization knowledge capital and weakens its reputation. The better the person fit the organization will lead to higher satisfaction, the organizational commitment and rate of turnover intention will be lower. 2. 1. 1 Relationship between job satisfaction with intention to leave Different individual will have different job satisfaction of needs in their life. Job satisfaction can be described as to what extent to which people or individuals satisfaction or dissatisfaction in their job. Job satisfaction is a general or global affective reaction that individual hold about their jobs. Job satisfaction among workers can be increase and creates by the organization. Job satisfaction facets may be including co-workers, salary, job condition, supervision, nature of the work and can be benefit that the employee received during their operation. According to research done by (Saari amp; Judge, 2004) shown that dissatisfied employees are more likely to quit their job or be absent compare than satisfaction employees. Job satisfaction will influence the performance of the employees in the organization. Most of the dissatisfaction employees tend to shown withdrawal behavior such as lateness, absenteeism, moving to other department and worst they will turnover or make a decision to retire. In addition, the research suggests that job satisfaction does effect life satisfaction but life satisfaction also effects job satisfaction (Judge amp; Watanabe, 1994). Consistent relationship between job satisfactions with depression and influence the employees to let go the job. This research also concludes that organization had so much control on creating and increasing the job satisfaction among their employees. This is because job satisfaction is only a result of spillover of their life satisfaction but if the company less pay attention on low job satisfaction, the organization can see the effectiveness of job performance of the employees reduce and the lead to absent and quitting the job. Intention to leaving the organization is an emotional state and designated as the degree of likelihood an employee will remain employed with an organization (Currivan, 1999). The research is on intention to leave by employees analyzed that there is a causal relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover and found an inverse relationship. In addition, a studies by (Joel, 2004) found that they is a relationship between job satisfactions with intention to leave but this is not a strong affect as economic condition reasons. Besides that, job satisfaction is a positive or negative attitude the employee has toward his or job or some specific aspect of the job. It is can be consider as internal state of mind of an individual. If the feeling of job satisfaction is positive or the respond is active, then the member is satisfied and vice versa ( Ying, Ching amp; Rong, 2009). Other research from (Pascal, 2011), shown that Job satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between perceived stressful work and intention to leave the employer. The results highlight the importance of employee job satisfaction in stressful environments. . 1. 2 Relationship between demographic factor with intention to leave In this study, we would like to determine relationship between demographic factors such as year of service, education level, age, and years of services and so on toward intention to leave the job. A research done by (Samad, 2006) founded that age, income and tenure of services by employees had a negative effect on turnover intention by employees. Empirical studies indicate that demographic variables are relevant with turnover intentions (William amp; Hazer, 1986). Age, income and tenure are identified as negatively related to turnover intentions although the effects of employee demographic variables on turnover intentions may differ in different international environment, empirical research in international context including in Malaysia is scanty. Some studies have found no significant relationship between gender and correctional turnover for example (Byrd, 2000). However, (Camp, 1994) found that female federal correctional employees were more likely to quit than were male staffs. This research was done for US employees. Furthermore, research done by (Eric, 2006) found that female employees had higher rate of intention to leave the organization compare than male employees. In contrast, research done by Aaron (1999) found that there is a weak relationship between tenure of service with intention to leave the organization. He found that, longer tenure of services of employees will get respect by others employees and normally known is senior but due to age and condition their intention to leave is low. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD 3. 0 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to describe the research design and methodology used in this research. We will outline the research framework to provide a better understanding towards how the research is done and how the data is being analyzed. 4. 1 Research Framework and Hypotheses This research looks at the cause and effect of job satisfaction on intention to leave between employees in private organizations. Basically four criteria has been define to be the independent variables in this study; Job Challenge, Supervision, Income and Promotion. The second independent variable that has been concerned is the demographic characteristics which include age, year of services and education level of selected respondents. The dependent variables in this study would be employees’ intention to leave. This can be drawn as per Figure 1 below: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Job Satisfaction * Job Challenge * Supervision * Income * Promotion * DEPENDENT VARIABLES Intention to Leave Demographic Characteristics * Age * Year of Services * Education Level Figure 1: Research Framework 3. 2 Hypothesis Statement Based on previous study, in order to explain the concept of these research three hypotheses has been outlined to be the antecedent of the statement: H1: There is significant relationship between job satisfaction and intention to leave H2: There is significant relationship between demographic factors and intention to leave H3: There is significant influence of job satisfaction factors to intention to leave H4: There is significant influence of demographic factors to intention to leave 3. 3 Research Design This research is intended to lo look at the relationship between Job Satisfaction and the Intention to leave by private sector workers.

Olympic Controversies :: Political Politics

Olympic Controversies The most important thing at the Olympic Games is not to win, but to take part, just as the important thing about life is not to conquer but to struggle well. The words spoken by Pierre de Coubertin, father of the Modern Summer Olympic Games. Baron Pierre de Coubertin may have intended for the new Olympic Games 'to be a period of concord in which all differences of status, religion, politics and race would be forgotten' but unfortunately as the Games have progressed, so too have the political overtones associated with them. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, by reviving the ancient Olympic Games hoped that competition in sports would 'lead to a new international friendship and better cooperation amongst the nations, whilst also allowing athletes to be exposed to different values than those of their own.' It is with misfortune that the Olympic Games have taken an unexpected turn and are used time and time again as another measurement for the ultimate victory, the ultimate dominance, the ultimate triumph on the world stage. In the commotion of the promotion of the Olympic Games, it is often forgotten that the original principles of the games included that individuals were to be contested against one another, and that countries played no part. In fact, in the first Olympiads, there were no formal teams of nations, rather an assortment of individuals who came to Athens on their own expense for their own purposes. As the Olympic Games progressed, it became more and more apparent for participating nations that it was an excellent opportunity to promote their country. Perhaps it has something to do with the fact that the Olympic Games is relayed to countries all over the world, exposing it onto a world audience. Even before technological advances of television, the Olympic Games were used by the countries to elevate themselves amongst one another. Even in the first Olympiad of 1896 in Athens, the realisation of the chance or promotion was evident, the Greek royal family of George I 'used the games as a device to build its power.' In addition, when television was initially introduced, the prospect of exposure was heightened. Although television was first used to transmit images from one country to another in the Summer Olympic Games of 1960 in Rome, it was further intensified in 1964 in Tokyo. The mayor of Tokyo announced that "without the Olympics, Japan would not have risen to its high position so fast.

Hippolytus: Seneca, Euripides, Ovid

Liz Soolkin Hippolytus: Seneca, Euripides, Ovid The story of Hippolytus, a man wronged and killed by his own stepmother is a myth retold by many different writers. For this paper, I have chosen to discuss the myth as retold by Ovid, Seneca, and Euripides. Each multiform has a few distinct differences that impacts the meaning of the myth as whole. While reading each myth, the reader receives a completely different sense from the story, a conclusion that is unique to each story.The difference in each retelling that changes the meaning of the story most significantly is the stepmother, Phaedra’s role and the emphasis each author places on her character in his form of the story. The variations in the portrayal of her character provide each story a different meaning; a large portion of the meaning comes from the reader’s ability or inability to relate to Phaedra; this ability depends on the author’s portrayal of her and her actions.Seneca’s version of the story of Hippolytus’s death is called Phaedra. Before even beginning to read the narrative, the reader understands that Phaedra is the main character in the story; the main conflict of the story is one between her and her stepson. She does everything in her power to get Hippolytus to sleep with her: she asks the nurse to convince him and even tries to do so herself after fainting in his arms. She does not seem to care about his strong morals or her own morals.Aphrodite’s curse on her has led her to be so determined to sleep with her stepson that she ignores her ideals and the ideals of Hippolytus. When she is rejected, she spreads the lies about Hippolytus having raped her and lives to see the consequences of those lies; though she is in control of the situation and could physically stop the story from ending tragically, she does nothing to prevent her stepson from being cursed by his father. She is alive when Hippolytus’ mangled corpse is brought to her and her husb and, Hippolytus’s father, Theseus.Only then does she realize her immense shame because she recognizes that her dishonest actions lead to Hippolytus’s undoing and that her need for revenge is what causes Hippolytus to suffer his horrendous fate. Her shame only comes after she causes her stepson’s death. In Euripides’ version, Phaedra kills herself before Hippolytus is cursed. She leaves a suicide note blaming Hippolytus with her death. She is unable to outlive Hippolytus and see the consequences of her vengeful actions.Unlike in Seneca’s version, in Euripides’s retelling Phaedra dies and has no ability to stop the spread of lies about Hippolytus. She can do nothing to take back her actions like she could have in Seneca’s version. The reader can accept Phaedra’s actions more in Euripides’s version because she dies, attempting to keep herself morally good and free from shame and guilt for her lust; she is portrayed more as essentially a good person who is cursed by Aphrodite and her attraction to her stepson. One can be more empathetic to her in this version because Aphrodite could cast the same curse on anyone.In her death, she blames Hippolytus of rape, relating her to Seneca’s version of her character as a harsh person, intent on revenge, someone to whom the reader cannot easily relate. Ovid’s retelling of the myth of Hippolytus is completely different from Seneca and Euripides’ narratives. First of all, Ovid’s account starts with Hippolytus’s narration of the story; the reader is first introduced to Hippolytus as someone returned from the dead so, even without reading the story, the reader already knows that Hippolytus suffers tragic death at the end of the story.Because he is telling his story to a bystander, Hippolytus does not go into great detail of his life; he recounts the story of his stepmother’s betrayal in a very short and succinct manner, concen trating more on the suffering he faced when his â€Å"limbs [were] entangled in the reins [of his chariot]† (Ovid’s Metamorphoses p. 539 line 608-609). The fact that Hippolytus talks of his own death in a conversational manner, attempting to console Egeria is important because it is one of Ovid’s techniques that he used to place the reader’s attention on Hippolytus.Whereas Seneca wrote about Phaedra and described the story with her as the main character, Ovid wrote about Hippolytus, from Hippolytus’s point of view. In this story, Aphrodite is not even mentioned as being the instigator of Phaedra’s lust. Phaedra is portrayed as a cold-blooded, merciless killer who did not feel shame for her murder of Hippolytus. The shame aspect, that was so important in defining the other author’s versions of the myth, is absent from Ovid’s version. Phaedra’s shame’s absence from the myth can be explained by the fact that Hippolyt us himself is narrating the story.Ovid gives the reader a perspective from the victim’s point-of-view, which does not view any guilt felt by Phaedra as relevant. Even if she feels guilt, she is still held responsible for her actions. Whereas in the other myths, the reader knows that Aphrodite is the final cause of Hippolytus’s death and Phaedra is not completely guilty, in Ovid’s myth, she is not mentioned since Hippolytus was not aware of her influence on Phaedra. The three versions’ portrayals of Phaedra are important when analyzing the different meanings of the multiform myth.The difference lies in the different conflicts that arise in each myth and the various sources of Phaedra’s shame, or the absence of it. In Euripides’ version of the story, the main struggle of the myth lies in Phaedra’s inner conflict; she struggles with her desires and is unable to express them and deal with them in a healthy way. She must use the help of he r nurse to help her and before the story is over, the shame of her immoral thoughts kills her. Unlike Euripides’ version, Seneca’s retelling of the myth shows her conflict to be one with Hippolytus.Phaedra’s every action is a struggle against Hippolytus’ strong morals and chastity. The story is one of a fight between the two characters, concluding with Hippolytus’ loss of life, an event that leads to Phaedra’s shame and eventually her death. Ovid tells the story as a conflict between Hippolytus and Phaedra from Hippolytus’ point-of-view. Hippolytus, in Ovid’s version is wronged by his stepmother, who is portrayed as evil and coldhearted. There is no mention of any shame she might feel for her stepson’s murder; the lack of shame depicts as heartless, an obvious antagonist to Hippolytus’.From these differences, one can interpret that a greater meaning lies in the three author’s definitions of shame. Whereas P haedra in Seneca’s version is shameful of her own immoral thoughts and urges, the other Phaedra, in Euripides’ version, only realizes her guilt when she sees Hippolytus’ dead body; she acts more child-like, not believing that such terrible consequences could come from her actions until she sees them. Ovid differs completely in his view of shame. He sees it as irrelevant to the victim’s suffering and pain.In his version, Hippolytus does not consider Phaedra as having felt any remorse for her actions, he sees her as a coldblooded killer who caused him immense grief. The way I began to analyze the myths of Hippolytus was to think about the major differences between the characters. Because the story is all about the characters rather than the setting or culture, I thought that the differences of each character among each multiform would give me a clear view of the meanings of each multiform. The character that seems to influence each story the most is Phaedra .I could have gone into greater detail about the differences amongst each Hippolytus, Theseus, and nurse but I realized that analyzing those differences would result in an essay of 20 pages and would not be as meaningful. Relying on the differences among each author’s version of Phaedra to give meaning to the differences was very fruitful. I managed to find that the differences in Phaedra’s character were based in her decisions throughout the story. In one story, she killed herself before Hippolytus was dead; in another version, she killed herself after Hippolytus died and in the third version, she was barely even mentioned.Each story showed her as more or less humane; in Euripides’s and Seneca’s versions of the story, Aphrodite was mentioned as the source of her attraction to Hippolytus. The godess’s participation in the crime took some of the blame off of Phaedra’s shoulders and made it easier for the reader to relate to Phaedra. In Ovidâ €™s version, Aphrodite was not mentioned and Hippolytus’s death was viewed as a direct result of Phaedra’s cruel passion. More differences between Seneca and Euripides’s versions could be found and meaning could be discovered from the timing of Phaedra’s death.I asked myself, â€Å"why caused her to die before or after Hippolytus and what is the meaning of the difference in her suicide? † I realized that in both cases, shame had caused her to kill herself but in each story, shame was a result of something different. In Euripides’s version, Phaedra kills herself because of her own immorality; she feels guilty about her sinful passions towards Hippolytus. In Seneca’s versions, she commits suicide from guilt of seeing Hippolytus’s mangled corpse and realizing that her actions had caused his death.

Leaders We Need Now

The Leaders We Need Now From the Erickson’s Research article we came to learn about the three different generations of managers who tend to lead the corporate world. The baby boomers a generation who born from 1946 to 1964 have been in charge for past few decades. Boomers grew up in a world of competition where winning was very important. The next generation was the Xers, born from 1961 to 1981. Xers were more likely to reject the traditional definitions of success and wanted to make their own way.The generation Y which came after the Xers, born from 1980 to early 2000 was also the children of baby boomers. Here we noticed that Boomers wanted to hold the position and power thinking that the Xers did not have the ability to run the business. Boomers didn’t want to retire from there work and they worked late in their life. In present competitive world we need leader who will possess the ability to build network and make strong communication throughout the business.Leader should have high experience, business-relevant knowledge, vision, decisiveness, and commanding ability. Leader must create an identity of the organization to its customers. This identity will tie its customer to the organization. Future leaders will face a complex, rapidly changing environment and problems of different types. The leader needs to compete with these challenges and seek for success from different viewpoints. The generation Xers has this type of qualities or factors. They are the potential in charge of the business world.Generation X employees will bring a new change to the leadership of corporations, because they are dissatisfied with corporate life badly. Xers are the underappreciated workforces. They are the sandwich generation between two larger cohorts: Baby Boomers and the Generation Y. And they think that they will loose management jobs because Boomers and Gen Y share a natural relationship. But if we give them the chance to lead when their time arrives, their sk ill, knowledge and authority roles will serve the modern corporate world effectively. Md. Shafquat Husain.

Hobbes vs. Locke essays

Hobbes vs. Locke essays Who do you agree with, Locke or Hobbes, and why? I believe that Hobbes is genuinely correct in stating that man is greedy and ambitious in nature. Most things revolve around money and power, therefore profit motif serves as the force that drives us. We constantly try excel in everything and thus compete with ourselves and with our neighbors. I do believe that everything we do is driven by one of two ways Hobbes mentions: self interest. Realistically, even the most charitable gesture is ultimately self-serving. Still when we do noble deeds, we feel good about ourselves; about something meant for another but born in me and that leads to pride and high self esteem. It is no sin to feel good about something, but it is no lie that even when a noble cause is completed, we are filled with a different sensation we lacked beforehand. Notwithstanding, I agree with Lockes ideas on how a man is corrupted with the creation of properties and the acquired value of natural resources. I am not completely certain that men rob others from their natural born right to own what Nature has offered, but in accordance to Locke, I disagree with men hoarding more than they can make use for. Ultimately, men need Nature or each other, therefore I concur with Locke when he sets an example placing a man, with abundant resources he has labored and are thus his, in the middle of nowhere who will eventually give in to Nature or another human because he has no use for his excise. ...

Smoke Bomb Safety Information

Smoke Bomb Safety Information Its easy to make a smoke bomb and actually pretty safe, but when you read about projects online its hard to tell which ones are safe as in you probably wont die or poison yourself and which fall into the category of Id let me own kids do this. Generally, its safe for teens to make smoke bombs with adult oversight, while younger explorers need direct adult supervision. Key Takeaways: Smoke Bombs Homemade smoke bombs are made using potassium nitrate and sugar, which are both found in food. While not intended to be eaten, they are largely non-toxic.Some smoke bomb recipes call for cooking the ingredients, which presents the risk of fire or smoke. Smoke bombs do not explode.Adult supervision is recommended. What are some safety considerations of the project? This reader email covers the important questions: My 13-yr old son wants to make a homemade smoke bomb (with adult supervision). Before conducting this home chemistry experiment, I want to be sure this can be done safely. What are the risks/potential dangers associated with this procedure? Is there any risk of the smoke bomb exploding, or igniting rapidly? Under what circumstances? What should should we watch out for? Also, where is the best place to buy a small quantity of potassium nitrate? Is it still available at most garden stores? Some stump removers use other chemicals; and some don’t list ingredients at all. Any advice most appreciated! Smoke bombs are made by reacting potassium nitrate (saltpeter) with sugar over low burner heat. The project wont harm your cookware, plus the ingredients are safe enough that you can use the dishes you would use for eating, as long as you clean them. The MSDS for potassium nitrate provides handling and safety details, but Ill summarize the relevant points. Though potassium nitrate is found in some foods, you dont want to eat the pure powder. Its reactive, so it will cause itching and/or burning if you inhale any or get it on your skin. Potassium nitrate should be stored away from heat or flame. The chemical isnt flammable, but its extremely reactive. Heat promotes reactions, which you dont want occurring on a shelf in your garage, for example. Follow the safety instructions on the container. If you get it on your skin, immediately rinse it off with water. If you spill potassium nitrate on the counter while making the smoke bomb, wipe it off with water. You want good ventilation while heating the ingredients, as from a vented fan. An outdoor stove would be a good option. The big thing to watch for is spilling the mixture on the burner because it will catch on fire and smoke. If that happens, youll get a lot of smoke and probably set off your smoke alarm. The smoke itself is no more or less dangerous than wood smoke, which means you dont want to take deep breaths of it. Ignite the smoke bomb outdoors. I cant envision a scenario where it would be possible to cause the smoke bomb to explode. How much flame you get depends on the potassium nitrate to sugar ratio. You can go from a smoky blob that will barely burn to a fast-burning fiery smoke bomb. If you set the smoke bomb on a combustible surface (like dried leaves), it could start a fire. If you need to put out the smoke bomb, you can douse it with water. The hardest part about making a smoke bomb is finding the potassium nitrate. In some places, it may be sold next to Epsom salts in the pharmacy section of a store. It is found in some garden supply centers as a fertilizer. It is sold as a food preservative for making salted meats. If youre highly motivated and have some time, you could even prepare it yourself. However, its probably easiest to buy a small quantity online (e.g., Sargent-Welch). Supposedly some Indian food stores sell it as an ingredient named Kala Nimak. If youre in the UK, search online for a list of places that offer potassium nitrate. Its harder to find than in the past, not so much because it can be used to make gunpowder as because better products are available for most applications.

Business case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business - Case Study Example rough their broad range of investment schemes, Common Angels have a major task force in new business funding offering financing assistance to over 50,000 ventures. One drawback in their operations, Common Angels cannot be counted for an additional funding, even after making an initial investment more quickly and on more favorable terms. Hence, they stand a chance to lose clients who would approach them for a subsequent funding need. This has continued to be a account to the investors. Over the time, venture capital are considered better and friendlier as opposed to the common angels. This is seen in the way venture capital raises their capital as compared to the common angels. Due to the stiff competition amongst the two major financiers, Common Angels have evolved significantly from their early roots of just being an â€Å"angel investment club† and became a successful software company entrepreneurs. The only stronghold that differentiate the Common Angels is that they have a fund that is managed professionally. This ensures that there’s a dedicated staff that deals with the individual investors and this is carried out down the